Volume 3 (2019)
The sensing of mitochondrial DAMPs by non-immune cells
Aida Rodríguez-Nuevo1,2,3 and Antonio Zorzano1,2,3
MITOCHONDRIA ARE IMMUNOGENIC ORGANELLES The efficiency of the innate immune system is determined by the capacity of distinct cell types to discriminate self from non-self structures. The dysregulation of this
Biology and clinical relevance of EpCAM
Laura Keller1,§, Stefan Werner1,§ and Klaus Pantel1
INTRODUCTION The EpCAM protein was discovered almost 40 years ago as a major epithelial carcinoma antigen by M. Herlyn and colleagues, as a result of its property to generate monoclonal
Recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases
Tian Meng1,#, Shiyin Lin1,#, Haixia Zhuang1, Haofeng Huang2, Zhengjie He1, Yongquan Hu1, Qing Gong3 and Du Feng1
Autophagy (here refers to macroautophagy) is a catabolic pathway by which large protein aggregates and damaged organelles are first sequestered into a double-membraned structure called autophagosome and then delivered to lysosome for destruction. Recently, tremendous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism and functions of this essential cellular metabolic process. In addition to being either a rubbish clearing system or a cellular surviving program in response to different stresses, autophagy plays important roles in a large number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and especially neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases and discuss how dysregulation of autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation, maturation, and/or autophagosome-lysosomal fusion step contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders in the nervous system.
Tissue-resident memory T cells orchestrate tumour-immune equilibrium
Simone L. Park1, Laura K. Mackay1, Jason Waithman2 and Thomas Gebhardt1
EPICUTANEOUS MELANOMA INOCULATION: A MODEL OF TUMOUR-IMMUNE EQUILIBRIUM In order to study immune responses to skin cancer, B16 melanoma cells have traditionally been grafted to mice via intradermal or subcutaneous
The targeting of tumor-associated macrophages by vaccination
Mads Hald Andersen1,2,3
Immune suppressive myeloid cells include a heterogenous population of cells that include tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are major players in inducing the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with many tumors. These lesions
Constitutional Mosaic Epimutations – a hidden cause of cancer?
Per E. Lønning1,2, Hans P. Eikesdal1,2, Inger M. Løes1,2 and Stian Knappskog1,2
Silencing of tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation is a key mechanism to facilitate cancer progression in many malignancies. While promoter hypermethylation can occur at later stages of the carcinogenesis process, constitutional methylation of key tumor suppressors may be an initiating event whereby cancer is started. Constitutional BRCA1 methylation due to cis-acting germline genetic variants is associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. However, this seems to be a rare event, restricted to a very limited number of families. In contrast, mosaic constitutional BRCA1 methylation is detected in 4-7% of newborn females without germline BRCA1 mutations. While the cause of such methylation is poorly understood, mosaic normal tissue BRCA1 methylation is associated with a 2-3 fold increased risk of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). As such, BRCA1 methylation may be the cause of a significant number of ovarian cancers. Given the molecular similarities between HGSOC and basal-like breast cancer, the (...)
The role of keratins in modulating carcinogenesis via communication with cells of the immune system
Inês Sequeira1 and Fiona M. Watt1
The connection between inflammation and cancer has been well established; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms in the context of keratin loss. Keratins belong to a large family
Mitochondrial stress delays tumorigenesis in a Li-Fraumeni syndrome mouse model
Matthew P. Donnelly1, Jie Li1 and Paul M. Hwang1
As a prominent hub of metabolic activity, the mitochondrion can initiate retrograde signaling in response to bioenergetic stress that is important for various adaptive changes including cell cycle regulation [1][2].
Mitochondria organize the cellular proteostatic response and promote cellular senescence
Yanjun Li1, Lei Liu2, Yushan Zhu1 and Quan Chen1,2
Timely disposal and degradation of misfolded proteins and their aggregates is critical for cellular proteostasis and the well-being of a cell. During evolution, cells have acquired a sophisticated system to
Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 and the response to cell stress
Florian Lang1, Christos Stournaras2, Nefeli Zacharopoulou2, Jakob Voelkl3,4, Ioana Alesutan3,4,5
INTRODUCTION The ubiquitously expressed [1][2][3][4] serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) has originally been cloned as a gene up-regulated by serum and glucocorticoids in rat mammary tumor cells [1][5]. The
Stress granules regulate paraspeckles: RNP granule continuum at work
Haiyan An1 and Tatyana A. Shelkovnikova1
Eukaryotic cells contain a variety of large, multicomponent RNA-protein complexes termed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. RNP granules represent membraneless organelles – biomolecular condensates lacking a membrane and maintained through an intricate
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi stress in microcephaly
Sandrine Passemard1,2, Franck Perez3, Pierre Gressens1,4 and Vincent El Ghouzzi1
Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a small brain size associated with intellectual deficiency in most cases and is one of the most frequent clinical sign encountered in neurodevelopmental disorders. It can result from a wide range of environmental insults occurring during pregnancy or postnatally, as well as from various genetic causes and represents a highly heterogeneous condition. However, several lines of evidence highlight a compromised mode of division of the cortical precursor cells during neurogenesis, affecting neural commitment or survival as one of the common mechanisms leading to a limited production of neurons and associated with the most severe forms of congenital microcephaly. In this context, the emergence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus as key guardians of cellular homeostasis, especially through the regulation of proteostasis, has raised the hypothesis that pathological ER and/or Golgi stress could contribute significantly to cortical impairments eliciting microcephaly. In (…)
The impact of endothelial cell death in the brain and its role after stroke: A systematic review
Marietta Zille1, Maulana Ikhsan1, Yun Jiang1,2, Josephine Lampe1,2, Jan Wenzel1,2 and
Markus Schwaninger1,2
INTRODUCTION The brain is a metabolically active organ that consumes about 20% of the total energy of the body [1]. At the same time, it is unable to store significant
Unraveling the molecular principles by which ceramides commit cells to death
Shashank Dadsena1, Dina G. Hassan1 and Joost C.M. Holthuis1
EMERGENCE OF CERAMIDES AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LIPIDS Sphingolipids are unusually versatile membrane components that participate in mechanical stability, signaling, and molecular sorting. As the path to their production is paved
Immunosurveillance of cancer cell stress
Seila Lorenzo-Herrero1-3, Christian Sordo-Bahamonde1-3, Segundo González1-3 and Alejandro López-Soto1-3
Cancer development is tightly controlled by effector immune responses that recognize and eliminate malignantly transformed cells. Nonetheless, certain immune subsets, such as tumor-associated macrophages, have been described to promote tumor growth, unraveling a double-edge role of the immune system in cancer. Cell stress can modulate the crosstalk between immune cells and tumor cells, reshaping tumor immunogenicity and/or immune function and phenotype. Infiltrating immune cells are exposed to the challenging conditions typically present in the tumor microenvironment. In return, the myriad of signaling pathways activated in response to stress conditions may tip the balance toward stimulation of antitumor responses or immune-mediated tumor progression. Here, we explore how distinct situations of cellular stress influence innate and adaptive immunity and the consequent impact on cancer establishment and progression.
Impact of prophylactic TNF blockade in the dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 immunotherapy efficacy and toxicity
Maite Alvarez1,2, Itziar Otano1,2, Luna Minute1,2, Maria Carmen Ochoa1,2,3, Elisabeth Perez-Ruiz1,4, Ignacio Melero1,2,3,5,6 and Pedro Berraondo1,2,3
Inhibitory checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy has produced very significant advances in the fight against cancer (Figure 1). The synergistic combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade therapy has been successfully used
LTX-315 – a promising novel antitumor peptide and immunotherapeutic agent
Dagmar Zweytick1,2
Host defense in mammals, as provided by the innate immune system, comprises proteins such as lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein originally discovered in bovine milk. LF is further pepsin-cleaved
Anti-regulatory T cells are natural regulatory effector T cells
Niels Ødum 1
It is well established that the immune system uses regulatory immune-suppressive cells to inhibit and terminate immune reactions and maintain immune balance. In the last decade, Andersen and colleagues have
The targeting of tumor-associated macrophages by vaccination
Mads Hald Andersen1,2,3
Immune suppressive myeloid cells include a heterogenous population of cells that include tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are major players in inducing the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with many tumors. These lesions
Mitochondrial stress delays tumorigenesis in a Li-Fraumeni syndrome mouse model
Matthew P. Donnelly1, Jie Li1 and Paul M. Hwang1
As a prominent hub of metabolic activity, the mitochondrion can initiate retrograde signaling in response to bioenergetic stress that is important for various adaptive changes including cell cycle regulation [1][2].
Mitochondria organize the cellular proteostatic response and promote cellular senescence
Yanjun Li1, Lei Liu2, Yushan Zhu1 and Quan Chen1,2
Timely disposal and degradation of misfolded proteins and their aggregates is critical for cellular proteostasis and the well-being of a cell. During evolution, cells have acquired a sophisticated system to
Could de-stressing the brain be the solution for long-term weight loss?
Florian Seyfried1 and Mohammed K. Hankir2
INTRODUCTION One just needs to take a look at a typical vending machine (often found in hospitals) to appreciate what has happened to our food and drink. The relatively sudden