Full antagonist of the IL-7 receptor suppresses chronic inflammation in non-human primate models by controlling antigen-specific memory T cells

Volume 2 (2018)

Cover: This month in Cell Stress: Kinase signaling in the innate immune system. Fluorescence microscopic depiction of immune cell responses within the CNS upon chronic pain. Images by Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) licensed under the CC BY 2.0 license. Image modified by Cell Stress. The cover is published under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Membrane closure in stress induced-autophagosome formation

Eiji Morita1

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradation system that sequesters cytoplasmic components by generating double-layered isolation membranes and delivering these isolated contents to the lysosomes [cite]10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005[/cite]. Though this pathway was originally

Striatal dual cholinergic /GABAergic transmission in Parkinson disease: friends or foes?

Natalia Lozovaya1, Yehezkel Ben-Ari1 and Constance Hammond1

Although constituting less than 1% of neuronal population of the striatum, cholinergic interneurons play a major role in the control of sensory integration in preparation for movements. These giant neurons

The NLRC4 inflammasome requires IRF8-dependent production of NAIPs

Ein Lee1,2, Rajendra Karki1 and Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti1

Inflammasomes orchestrate cellular responses to pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns by controlling the activation of caspase-1. Inflammasome activation results in enzymatically active caspase-1, which mediates the maturation and release of

Targeting LRH-1/NR5A2 to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus

Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier1, Petra I. Lorenzo1 and Benoit R. Gauthier1

The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a member of the NR5A family of nuclear receptors that plays a pivotal role in early embryonic development while later on it specifies the

Nucleolar Stress: hallmarks, sensing mechanism and diseases

Kai Yang1,2, Jie Yang1 and Jing Yi1

The nucleolus is a prominent subnuclear compartment, where ribosome biosynthesis takes place. Recently, the nucleolus has gained attention for its novel role in the regulation of cellular stress. Nucleolar stress is emerging as a new concept, which is characterized by diverse cellular insult-induced abnormalities in nucleolar structure and function, ultimately leading to activation of p53 or other stress signaling pathways and alterations in cell behavior. Despite a number of comprehensive reviews on this concept, straightforward and clear-cut way criteria for a nucleolar stress state, regarding the factors that elicit this state, the morphological and functional alterations as well as the rationale for p53 activation are still missing. Based on literature of the past two decades, we herein summarize the evolution of the concept and provide hallmarks of nucleolar stress. Along with updated information and thorough discussion of existing confusions in the field, we pay particular attention to the current understanding of the sensing mechanisms (...)

Calling RNF168 to action

Somaira Nowsheen1 and Zhenkun Lou2

– [table id=103 /] – It is interesting to note that MDC1 acts as a node for the recruitment of both RNF8 and L3MBTL2 and brings these two factors into

Exosomal secretion of truncated cytosolic lysyl-tRNA synthetase induces inflammation during cell starvation

Sang Bum Kim1,2, Seongmin Cho1, 2 and Sunghoon Kim1,2

Kim et al. (2017) reveals three crucial steps of KRS secretion, including its dissociation from the MSC complex, interaction with syntenin, and secretion via the exosomal pathway (Figure 1). –

Endolysosomal dysfunction and exosome secretion: implications for neurodegenerative disorders

André M. Miranda1,2,3,4 and Gilbert Di Paolo1,2,5

A master regulator of both endolysosomal function and autophagy is Vps34 and its lipid product phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) through which the lipid kinase exerts most of its biological actions in eukaryotic

Putting together and taking apart: assembly and disassembly of the Rad51 nucleoprotein filament in DNA repair and genome stability

Tadas Andriuskevicius1, Oleksii Kotenko1 and Svetlana Makovets1

Homologous recombination is a key mechanism providing both genome stability and genetic diversity in all living organisms. Recombinases play a central role in this pathway: multiple protein subunits of Rad51 or its orthologues bind single-stranded DNA to form a nucleoprotein filament which is essential for initiating recombination events. Multiple factors are involved in the regulation of this step, both positively and negatively. In this review, we discuss Rad51 nucleoprotein assembly and disassembly, how it is regulated and what functional significance it has in genome maintenance.

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Foie gras and liver regeneration: a fat dilemma

Maria Agnese Della Fazia1 and Giuseppe Servillo1

The liver has a unique ability of regenerating after injuries or partial loss of its mass. The mechanisms responsible for liver regeneration – mostly occurring when the hepatic tissue is damaged or functionally compromised by metabolic stress – have been studied in considerable detail over the last few decades, because this phenomenon has both basic-biology and clinical relevance. More specifically, recent interest has been focusing on the widespread occurrence of abnormal nutritional habits in the Western world that result in an increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is closely associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and it represents a major clinical challenge. The disease may progress to steatohepatitis with persistent inflammation and progressive liver damage, both of which will compromise regeneration under conditions of partial hepatectomy in surgical oncology or in liver transplantation procedures. Here, we analyze the impact of ER stress and SIRT1 in lipid metabolism and in fatty liver pathology (...)

Amelioration of obesity-induced diabetes by a novel autophagy enhancer

Hyejin Lim1 and Myung-Shik Lee1

Our screening system was a convenient high throughput assay of autophagic flux rather than cumulative autophagy levels, and the index of autophagic activity was calculated as the ratio of the

Epigenetic mechanisms behind cellular sensitivity to DNA damage

Amanda K. Williamson1, Zijing Zhu1 and Zhi-Min Yuan1

INTRODUCTION Epigenetics is the regulation of gene expression independent of the gene sequence itself via the interactions between DNA and proteins called histones [cite]10.4161/epi.24042[/cite]. In the nucleus, DNA is highly

Membrane closure in stress induced-autophagosome formation

Eiji Morita1

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradation system that sequesters cytoplasmic components by generating double-layered isolation membranes and delivering these isolated contents to the lysosomes [cite]10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005[/cite]. Though this pathway was originally

Striatal dual cholinergic /GABAergic transmission in Parkinson disease: friends or foes?

Natalia Lozovaya1, Yehezkel Ben-Ari1 and Constance Hammond1

Although constituting less than 1% of neuronal population of the striatum, cholinergic interneurons play a major role in the control of sensory integration in preparation for movements. These giant neurons

The NLRC4 inflammasome requires IRF8-dependent production of NAIPs

Ein Lee1,2, Rajendra Karki1 and Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti1

Inflammasomes orchestrate cellular responses to pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns by controlling the activation of caspase-1. Inflammasome activation results in enzymatically active caspase-1, which mediates the maturation and release of

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Salmonella Typhimurium infection: Type I Interferons integrate cellular networks to disintegrate macrophages

Nirmal Robinson1,2

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are facultative intracellular bacteria that effectively evade innate immune defense mechanisms using a plethora of pathogenic principles encoded in their pathogenicity islands namely Salmonella

miR34a: a master regulator in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Pragnya Das1, Mansoor Ali Syed1,2, Dilip Shah1, Vineet Bhandari1,3,*

BPD has been getting more attention as neonatologists from across the world are getting better in saving the lives of premature neonates. This has mobilized intense research to fill the

MST kinases in innate immune signaling

Zhubing Shi1 and Zhaocai Zhou1,2

The mammalian STE20-like (MST) protein kinases are composed of MST1, MST2, MST3, MST4 and YSK1. They play crucial roles in cell growth, migration, polarity and apoptosis. Dysfunction of these kinases often leads to diseases. MST kinases are extensively involved in development and function of immune system. Here, we review recent progresses on the regulatory function of MST kinases in innate immune signaling.

Therapeutic potential of HDAC6 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Wenting Guo1,2 and Ludo Van Den Bosch1,2

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective death of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. This leads to progressive muscle weakness,

Targeting Nfix to fix muscular dystrophies

Giuliana Rossi1, Valentina Taglietti2 and Graziella Messina2

A shared knowledge in the field is that to be really successful, any therapeutic strategy has to rely on good muscle quality. In fact, there is no available approach able

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Astrocytes, emerging stars of energy homeostasis

Simonetta Camandola1

INTRODUCTION The brain is the organ responsible for the centralized control of the other organs’ functions and, in higher vertebrates, of reasoning. Such tasks are achieved thanks to the interconnections

Base editors: a powerful tool for generating animal models of human diseases

Zongyang Lu1,2 and Xingxu Huang1,3

BASE EDITORS: A NOVEL GENOME ENGINEERING TOOL Genetically engineered mouse models of human diseases have long been used in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the clinically relevant genetic disorders. In

Unweaving the role of nuclear Lamins in neural circuit integrity

Samantha L. Deal1 and Shinya Yamamoto1,2,3,4

Structural integrity of the nuclear membrane is essential for the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Critical components of this process are Lamins or type-V intermediate filament proteins that form a meshwork

Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid-based pathogenesis and potential therapies

Yixiu Zhou1, Yuhui Sun2, Quan-Hong Ma2 and Yaobo Liu2

INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent forms of dementia; in 2015, for example, AD affected ~46.8 million people worldwide. It is estimated that this number will

Membrane closure in stress induced-autophagosome formation

Eiji Morita1

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradation system that sequesters cytoplasmic components by generating double-layered isolation membranes and delivering these isolated contents to the lysosomes [cite]10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005[/cite]. Though this pathway was originally

Centriolar satellites prevent uncontrolled degradation of centrosome proteins: a speculative review

Nicolas Lecland1 and Andreas Merdes1

INTRODUCTION Centrosomes are cytoplasmic structures that serve as primary microtubule organizing centers in a large variety of animal cells. They consist of a pair of cylindrically shaped centrioles, surrounded by

Novel role of the SIRT4-OPA1 axis in mitochondrial quality control

Alexander Lang1 and Roland P. Piekorz1

Aging is defined by various molecular and cellular hallmarks, among them stem cell exhaustion, genomic instability, altered proteostasis, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction [cite]10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039[/cite]. Mitochondrial defects are considered major drivers