Volume 5 (2021)

Ribosome traffic jam in neurodegeneration: decoding hurdles in Huntington disease

Srinivasa Subramaniam1

The symptoms of HD, a neurodegenerative disorder, are severe disruption of cognitive and motor functions, including changes in posture and gait. HTT, the gene responsible for HD, is CAG (codes

The evolution of the concept of stress and the framework of the stress system

Siyu Lu1, Fang Wei1,2 and Guolin Li1,2,3

Stress is a central concept in biology and has now been widely used in psychological, physiological, social, and even environmental fields. However, the concept of stress was cross-utilized to refer to different elements of the stress system including stressful stimulus, stressor, stress response, and stress effect. Here, we summarized the evolution of the concept of stress and the framework of the stress system. We find although the concept of stress is developed from Selye’s “general adaptation syndrome”, it has now expanded and evolved significantly. Stress is now defined as a state of homeostasis being challenged, including both system stress and local stress. A specific stressor may potentially bring about specific local stress, while the intensity of stress beyond a threshold may commonly activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and result in a systematic stress response. The framework of the stress system indicates that stress includes three types: (...)

Coping with the calcium overload caused by cell injury: ER to the rescue

Goutam Chandra1,2, Davi A. G. Mázala1,3 and Jyoti K. Jaiswal1,4

It was nearly a century ago that Lewis Victor Heilbrunn identified the requirement of extracellular Ca2+ for what he termed as ‘surface precipitation reaction‘, a process that allows the cytoplasm

Cellular mechanisms linking cancers to obesity

Xiao-Zheng Liu1,#, Line Pedersen1,# and Nils Halberg1

Obesity is epidemiologically linked to 13 forms of cancer. The local and systemic obese environment is complex and likely affect tumors through multiple avenues. This includes modulation of cancer cell phenotypes and the composition of the tumor microenvironment. A molecular understanding of how obesity links to cancer holds promise for identifying candidate genes for targeted therapy for obese cancer patient. Herein, we review both the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms linking obesity and cancer as well as provide an overview of the mouse model systems applied to study this.

Inhibitory DAMPs in immunogenic cell death and its clinical implications

Kazukuni Hayashi1,2, Fotis Nikolos3 and Keith S. Chan1,3

– [table id=388/] INHIBITORY DAMP OR INHIBITORY DAMPS? How are immunostimulatory DAMPs shut off? Under normal physiological conditions, the co-stimulatory molecules, CD80/86, on antigen presenting cells bind to the co-activating

Roles of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in respiratory diseases

Valentina Sala1, Angela Della Sala1, Alessandra Ghigo1,2,# and Emilio Hirsch1,2,#

Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is expressed in all the cell types that are involved in airway inflammation and disease, including not only leukocytes, but also structural cells, where it is expressed at very low levels under physiological conditions, while is significantly upregulated after stress. In the airways, PI3Kγ behaves as a trigger or a controller, depending on the pathological context. In this review, the contribution of PI3Kγ in a plethora of respiratory diseases, spanning from acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and response to both bacterial and viral pathogens, will be commented.

Spermidine supplementation in rare translation-associated disorders

Andreas Zimmermann1,2, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez1, and Frank Madeo1,2,3

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that is strongly involved in manifold cellular processes, for example, DNA, RNA and protein stabilization, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and aging. Importantly, spermidine has

Targeting FBXO44/SUV39H1 elicits tumor cell-specific DNA replication stress and viral mimicry

Jia Z. Shen1 and Charles Spruck1

Repetitive elements (REs) are normally transcriptionally silenced in somatic cells by repressive epigenetic modifications, which are thought to include DNA methylation and histone modifications such as deacetylation, H3K9me3, and H4K20me3. Although, it is unclear how RE silencing is maintained through DNA replication cycles in rapidly growing cancer cells. On the other hand, the reactivation of endogenous retroelements beyond a threshold level of tolerance in cancer cells, such as by treatment with DNA demethylating agents or HDAC or LSD1 inhibitors, can induce viral mimicry responses that augment certain cancer therapies, including immunotherapy. However, these agents can also affect normal cells presenting obvious side effects. Therefore, uncovering cancer cell-specific RE silencing mechanisms could provide a basis for the development of a new generation of cancer (...)

The OFD1 protein is a novel player in selective autophagy: another tile to the cilia/autophagy puzzle

Manuela Morleo1 and Brunella Franco1,2

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated cellular degradation pathway which entails the engulfment of cellular components into double-membrane vesicles, called autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes to degrade

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Cellular mechanisms linking cancers to obesity

Xiao-Zheng Liu1,#, Line Pedersen1,# and Nils Halberg1

Obesity is epidemiologically linked to 13 forms of cancer. The local and systemic obese environment is complex and likely affect tumors through multiple avenues. This includes modulation of cancer cell phenotypes and the composition of the tumor microenvironment. A molecular understanding of how obesity links to cancer holds promise for identifying candidate genes for targeted therapy for obese cancer patient. Herein, we review both the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms linking obesity and cancer as well as provide an overview of the mouse model systems applied to study this.

Inhibitory DAMPs in immunogenic cell death and its clinical implications

Kazukuni Hayashi1,2, Fotis Nikolos3 and Keith S. Chan1,3

– [table id=388/] INHIBITORY DAMP OR INHIBITORY DAMPS? How are immunostimulatory DAMPs shut off? Under normal physiological conditions, the co-stimulatory molecules, CD80/86, on antigen presenting cells bind to the co-activating

Roles of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in respiratory diseases

Valentina Sala1, Angela Della Sala1, Alessandra Ghigo1,2,# and Emilio Hirsch1,2,#

Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is expressed in all the cell types that are involved in airway inflammation and disease, including not only leukocytes, but also structural cells, where it is expressed at very low levels under physiological conditions, while is significantly upregulated after stress. In the airways, PI3Kγ behaves as a trigger or a controller, depending on the pathological context. In this review, the contribution of PI3Kγ in a plethora of respiratory diseases, spanning from acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and response to both bacterial and viral pathogens, will be commented.

Spermidine supplementation in rare translation-associated disorders

Andreas Zimmermann1,2, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez1, and Frank Madeo1,2,3

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that is strongly involved in manifold cellular processes, for example, DNA, RNA and protein stabilization, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and aging. Importantly, spermidine has

Targeting FBXO44/SUV39H1 elicits tumor cell-specific DNA replication stress and viral mimicry

Jia Z. Shen1 and Charles Spruck1

Repetitive elements (REs) are normally transcriptionally silenced in somatic cells by repressive epigenetic modifications, which are thought to include DNA methylation and histone modifications such as deacetylation, H3K9me3, and H4K20me3. Although, it is unclear how RE silencing is maintained through DNA replication cycles in rapidly growing cancer cells. On the other hand, the reactivation of endogenous retroelements beyond a threshold level of tolerance in cancer cells, such as by treatment with DNA demethylating agents or HDAC or LSD1 inhibitors, can induce viral mimicry responses that augment certain cancer therapies, including immunotherapy. However, these agents can also affect normal cells presenting obvious side effects. Therefore, uncovering cancer cell-specific RE silencing mechanisms could provide a basis for the development of a new generation of cancer (...)

The OFD1 protein is a novel player in selective autophagy: another tile to the cilia/autophagy puzzle

Manuela Morleo1 and Brunella Franco1,2

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated cellular degradation pathway which entails the engulfment of cellular components into double-membrane vesicles, called autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes to degrade

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To promote or inhibit glioma progression, that is the question for IL-33

Stephen M. Robbins1 and Donna L. Senger1

Glioblastoma represents one of the most fatal of human cancers. Although there has been progress in the treatment of glioblastoma as a result of a treatment regimen that combines maximal

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Elevated plasma levels of the appetite-stimulator ACBP/DBI in fasting and obese subjects

Sijing Li1-3,#, Adrien Joseph1-3,#, Isabelle Martins1,2 and Guido Kroemer1,2,4-6

INTRODUCTION Acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP), which in humans is encoded by the gene DBI (diazepam binding inhibitor), is a phylogenetically ancient protein that is ubiquitously expressed by all

Spermidine supplementation in rare translation-associated disorders

Andreas Zimmermann1,2, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez1, and Frank Madeo1,2,3

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that is strongly involved in manifold cellular processes, for example, DNA, RNA and protein stabilization, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and aging. Importantly, spermidine has