Volume 2 (2018)
Cover: This month in Cell Stress: Kinase signaling in the innate immune system. Fluorescence microscopic depiction of immune cell responses within the CNS upon chronic pain. Images by Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) licensed under the CC BY 2.0 license. Image modified by Cell Stress. The cover is published under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Full antagonist of the IL-7 receptor suppresses chronic inflammation in non-human primate models by controlling antigen-specific memory T cells
Lyssia Belarif1, Bernard Vanhove1 and Nicolas Poirier1
Targeting proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, is clinically beneficial in several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). However, these cytokines are downstream mediators of immune responses that show poor impact
TRIM16 employs NRF2, ubiquitin system and aggrephagy for safe disposal of stress-induced misfolded proteins
Kautilya Kumar Jena1,2, Subhash Mehto1, Srinivasa Prasad Kolapalli1, Parej Nath1, Swati Chauhan1 and Santosh Chauhan1
We found that under oxidative or proteotoxic stress conditions, the TRIM16 is required for biogenesis of protein aggregates from misfolded proteins. In our attempt to investigate the mechanism by which
Systemic signalling and local effectors in developmental stability, body symmetry, and size
Sergio Juarez-Carreño1, Javier Morante1 and Maria Dominguez1
Symmetric growth and the origins of fluctuating asymmetry are unresolved phenomena of biology. Small, and sometimes noticeable, deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry reflect the vulnerability of development to perturbations. The degree of asymmetry is related to the magnitude of the perturbations and the ability of an individual to cope with them. As the left and right sides of an individual were presumed to be genetically identical, deviations of symmetry were traditionally attributed to non-genetic effects such as environmental and developmental noise. In this review, we draw attention to other possible sources of variability, especially to somatic mutations and transposons. Mutations are a major source of phenotypic variability and recent genomic data have highlighted somatic mutations as ubiquitous, even in phenotypically normal individuals. We discuss the importance of factors that are responsible for buffering and stabilizing the genome (...)
Making the final cut: pathogenic amyloid-β peptide generation by γ-secretase
Harald Steiner1,2, Akio Fukumori3, Shinji Tagami4 and Masayasu Okochi4
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease of the elderly population. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation and/or clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is triggering the disease. Aβ is generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the sequential cleavages of β- and γ-secretase. The latter cleavage by γ-secretase, a unique and fascinating four-component protease complex, occurs in the APP transmembrane domain thereby releasing Aβ species of 37-43 amino acids in length including the longer, highly pathogenic peptides Aβ42 and Aβ43. The lack of a precise understanding of Aβ generation as well as of the functions of other γ-secretase substrates has been one factor underlying the disappointing failure of γ-secretase inhibitors in clinical trials, but on the other side also been a major driving force for structural and in depth mechanistic studies on this key AD drug target in the past few years. Here we (...)
Mechanisms and therapeutic significance of autophagy modulation by antipsychotic drugs
Ljubica Vucicevic1, Maja Misirkic-Marjanovic1, Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic1, Nadja Maric2 and Vladimir Trajkovic3
INTRODUCTION The term autophagy (‘self-eating’ in Greek) refers to a group of evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanisms employed by eukaryotic cells to eliminate aged, unused, and damaged cytoplasmic components through lysosomal
p53 and energy balance: meeting hypothalamic AgRP neurons
Omar Al-Massadi1,2,#, Mar Quiñones1,2,#, Ruben Nogueiras1,2
Cancer cells undergo profound metabolic changes to cope with the high energy demand for cell growth and division. Given the importance of this metabolic reprogramming in tumor development, it seems
Full antagonist of the IL-7 receptor suppresses chronic inflammation in non-human primate models by controlling antigen-specific memory T cells
Lyssia Belarif1, Bernard Vanhove1 and Nicolas Poirier1
Targeting proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, is clinically beneficial in several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). However, these cytokines are downstream mediators of immune responses that show poor impact
TRIM16 employs NRF2, ubiquitin system and aggrephagy for safe disposal of stress-induced misfolded proteins
Kautilya Kumar Jena1,2, Subhash Mehto1, Srinivasa Prasad Kolapalli1, Parej Nath1, Swati Chauhan1 and Santosh Chauhan1
We found that under oxidative or proteotoxic stress conditions, the TRIM16 is required for biogenesis of protein aggregates from misfolded proteins. In our attempt to investigate the mechanism by which
Systemic signalling and local effectors in developmental stability, body symmetry, and size
Sergio Juarez-Carreño1, Javier Morante1 and Maria Dominguez1
Symmetric growth and the origins of fluctuating asymmetry are unresolved phenomena of biology. Small, and sometimes noticeable, deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry reflect the vulnerability of development to perturbations. The degree of asymmetry is related to the magnitude of the perturbations and the ability of an individual to cope with them. As the left and right sides of an individual were presumed to be genetically identical, deviations of symmetry were traditionally attributed to non-genetic effects such as environmental and developmental noise. In this review, we draw attention to other possible sources of variability, especially to somatic mutations and transposons. Mutations are a major source of phenotypic variability and recent genomic data have highlighted somatic mutations as ubiquitous, even in phenotypically normal individuals. We discuss the importance of factors that are responsible for buffering and stabilizing the genome (...)
Making the final cut: pathogenic amyloid-β peptide generation by γ-secretase
Harald Steiner1,2, Akio Fukumori3, Shinji Tagami4 and Masayasu Okochi4
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease of the elderly population. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation and/or clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is triggering the disease. Aβ is generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the sequential cleavages of β- and γ-secretase. The latter cleavage by γ-secretase, a unique and fascinating four-component protease complex, occurs in the APP transmembrane domain thereby releasing Aβ species of 37-43 amino acids in length including the longer, highly pathogenic peptides Aβ42 and Aβ43. The lack of a precise understanding of Aβ generation as well as of the functions of other γ-secretase substrates has been one factor underlying the disappointing failure of γ-secretase inhibitors in clinical trials, but on the other side also been a major driving force for structural and in depth mechanistic studies on this key AD drug target in the past few years. Here we (...)
Mechanisms and therapeutic significance of autophagy modulation by antipsychotic drugs
Ljubica Vucicevic1, Maja Misirkic-Marjanovic1, Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic1, Nadja Maric2 and Vladimir Trajkovic3
INTRODUCTION The term autophagy (‘self-eating’ in Greek) refers to a group of evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanisms employed by eukaryotic cells to eliminate aged, unused, and damaged cytoplasmic components through lysosomal
Amelioration of obesity-induced diabetes by a novel autophagy enhancer
Hyejin Lim1 and Myung-Shik Lee1
Our screening system was a convenient high throughput assay of autophagic flux rather than cumulative autophagy levels, and the index of autophagic activity was calculated as the ratio of the
Striatal dual cholinergic /GABAergic transmission in Parkinson disease: friends or foes?
Natalia Lozovaya1, Yehezkel Ben-Ari1 and Constance Hammond1
Although constituting less than 1% of neuronal population of the striatum, cholinergic interneurons play a major role in the control of sensory integration in preparation for movements. These giant neurons
The NLRC4 inflammasome requires IRF8-dependent production of NAIPs
Ein Lee1,2, Rajendra Karki1 and Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti1
Inflammasomes orchestrate cellular responses to pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns by controlling the activation of caspase-1. Inflammasome activation results in enzymatically active caspase-1, which mediates the maturation and release of
Targeting LRH-1/NR5A2 to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus
Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier1, Petra I. Lorenzo1 and Benoit R. Gauthier1
The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a member of the NR5A family of nuclear receptors that plays a pivotal role in early embryonic development while later on it specifies the
Nucleolar Stress: hallmarks, sensing mechanism and diseases
Kai Yang1,2, Jie Yang1 and Jing Yi1
The nucleolus is a prominent subnuclear compartment, where ribosome biosynthesis takes place. Recently, the nucleolus has gained attention for its novel role in the regulation of cellular stress. Nucleolar stress is emerging as a new concept, which is characterized by diverse cellular insult-induced abnormalities in nucleolar structure and function, ultimately leading to activation of p53 or other stress signaling pathways and alterations in cell behavior. Despite a number of comprehensive reviews on this concept, straightforward and clear-cut way criteria for a nucleolar stress state, regarding the factors that elicit this state, the morphological and functional alterations as well as the rationale for p53 activation are still missing. Based on literature of the past two decades, we herein summarize the evolution of the concept and provide hallmarks of nucleolar stress. Along with updated information and thorough discussion of existing confusions in the field, we pay particular attention to the current understanding of the sensing mechanisms (...)
Calling RNF168 to action
Somaira Nowsheen1 and Zhenkun Lou2
– [table id=103 /] – It is interesting to note that MDC1 acts as a node for the recruitment of both RNF8 and L3MBTL2 and brings these two factors into
Exosomal secretion of truncated cytosolic lysyl-tRNA synthetase induces inflammation during cell starvation
Sang Bum Kim1,2, Seongmin Cho1, 2 and Sunghoon Kim1,2
Kim et al. (2017) reveals three crucial steps of KRS secretion, including its dissociation from the MSC complex, interaction with syntenin, and secretion via the exosomal pathway (Figure 1). –
Base editors: a powerful tool for generating animal models of human diseases
Zongyang Lu1,2 and Xingxu Huang1,3
BASE EDITORS: A NOVEL GENOME ENGINEERING TOOL Genetically engineered mouse models of human diseases have long been used in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the clinically relevant genetic disorders. In
Unweaving the role of nuclear Lamins in neural circuit integrity
Samantha L. Deal1 and Shinya Yamamoto1,2,3,4
Structural integrity of the nuclear membrane is essential for the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Critical components of this process are Lamins or type-V intermediate filament proteins that form a meshwork
Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid-based pathogenesis and potential therapies
Yixiu Zhou1, Yuhui Sun2, Quan-Hong Ma2 and Yaobo Liu2
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent forms of dementia; in 2015, for example, AD affected ~46.8 million people worldwide. It is estimated that this number will
Membrane closure in stress induced-autophagosome formation
Eiji Morita1
Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradation system that sequesters cytoplasmic components by generating double-layered isolation membranes and delivering these isolated contents to the lysosomes [cite]10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005[/cite]. Though this pathway was originally
Centriolar satellites prevent uncontrolled degradation of centrosome proteins: a speculative review
Nicolas Lecland1 and Andreas Merdes1
INTRODUCTION Centrosomes are cytoplasmic structures that serve as primary microtubule organizing centers in a large variety of animal cells. They consist of a pair of cylindrically shaped centrioles, surrounded by
Novel role of the SIRT4-OPA1 axis in mitochondrial quality control
Alexander Lang1 and Roland P. Piekorz1
Aging is defined by various molecular and cellular hallmarks, among them stem cell exhaustion, genomic instability, altered proteostasis, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction [cite]10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039[/cite]. Mitochondrial defects are considered major drivers